Culture Of Pakistan
PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIESPakistan lies at a cross roads of the middle East, Central Asia and South Asia.
To the North, the country shares its borders with the People's Republic of China and so the Wakhan passageway of country. To the South stretches the one,046 metric linear unit lineation of the ocean and so the ocean.
Afghanistan and Islamic Republic of Iran border Islamic Republic of Pakistan on the west. The Bolan and Khyber Passes, that have traditionally served as entry points for aliens unit of measurement placed throughout this house. The boundary with Islamic Republic of Iran is regarding 800 kilometre long. The border with country, referred to as the Durand Line, runs 2,643 kilometre from the Hindukush, where a slender strip of Afghan territory called the Wakhan passageway is found between Islamic Republic of Pakistan and Tadzhik. The Pak-China border begins at the japanese tip of the Wakhan passageway and runs regarding 520 kilometers, moving south-east to complete near the vary Pass.
India borders Islamic Republic of Pakistan to the east. The border spans regarding 1200 kilometers from the chain of mountains among the north to the ocean among the south.
THE LAND OF INDUS
A young nation created in 1947, Islamic Republic of Pakistan is that the receiver of Associate in Nursing ancient past. a country of dramatic landscapes, it's home to eight of the world's highest peaks, also because the breathless Mount Mount Godwin Austen. From the Karakorams among the north, massive glaciers spill down the mountain slopes, melting as they reach lower altitudes to fill the gorges with sport torrents of water. this may be the house of the spring referred to as the 'Mouth of the Lion', from where the Indus flows down, cutting its means that through barren, forbidding parcel. The watercourse twists through Islamic Republic of Pakistan for over 2,800 kilometers. By the time it reaches the created sediment plain of the region it's matured, flowing slower and slower as a result of it meanders through Sindh before ending among the warmth waters of the ocean near the port of town.
The Indus has been the lifeblood of this predominantly agricultural economy through the millennia, instrumental in shaping the history and culture of the region. Center of the Indus depression Civilization, one in every of the oldest watercourse depression civilizations of the world, it had been home to a classy urban culture and an advanced trade network together with the middle East and Egypt.
By virtue of its accessibility through passes to the north and north-west, conjointly as via the lineation bordering the ocean, the land that became Islamic Republic of Pakistan has been the domain of adventurers and invaders, students and mystics.
Invasions by the Greeks below Alexander, the Huns, the Arabs, and so the Central Asian tribes international organisation agency settled to form the Muslim Slave sept and later the Mughal Empire left their mark on the culture, faith, language and physical look of its of us. The region that is presently Islamic Republic of Pakistan fostered Buddhism at Gandhara among the north, and religion at Nankana among the region. for several centuries, however, it has been predominantly Muslim. Muhammad bin Qasim, international organisation agency secured the territory around Multan among the first eighth century, introduced Islam to the region with epic consequences, making it a shaping force that unites the state even currently.
Known for its breathless, dramatic landscapes, home to the perfect vary of mountains among the globe, the Karakorams, and to the 'Lion River', the Indus, Islamic Republic of Pakistan contains a created history.
PEOPLE AND POPULATION
With Associate in Nursing estimated population of 169 million as of 2010 (www.pakistan.gov.pk), Islamic Republic of Pakistan is one in every of the foremost inhabited nations of the world, with associate degree outsized youth section.
Rapid urbanization has semiconductor diode cities to grow into mega-cities. These embody town, Hyderabad and Sukkur in Sindh; metropolis, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sialkot and Multan among the Punjab; Mardan, city and D.I. Khan in Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa; and Quetta, Gawadar, Zhob and Khuzdar in Baluchistan. little cities have put together enlarged to absorb the agricultural flow.
The country contains a definite diversity of ethnic groups and tribes, having evolved through its history of invaders international organisation agency later settled and mixed with the native population.
LANGUAGES
The national language of Islamic Republic of Pakistan is Urdu, whereas English is that the official language of the country, wide spoken and understood.
Urdu, which means 'language of the military camp/caravan,' may well be a combination of predominantly Turkish, Arabic, and Persian with languages of the sub-continent. Urdu is written among the Persian script. it had been adopted as a result of the court language throughout the latter quantity of the Mughal Empire. Urdu vie a dominant role among the re-awakening of Muslim nationalism among the sub-continent, that culminated among the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Movement. Urdu was thus adopted as a result of the national language of the country.
Besides Urdu, there unit of measurement six major and over fifty regional languages. the foremost vital regional languages unit of measurement Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Baluchi, Saraiki and Hindko. completely different wide spoken languages unit of measurement Potohari, Dardic and Broshishki. of those languages have their own literary tradition.
CAPITAL OF ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
Situated at the foot of the Margalla Hills, capital resembles a garden city with its many inexperienced belts and white public buildings. Construction began in 1961, following the selection of the then President Ayub Khan to shift the capital. Bordering the provinces of region and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, it's strategically set and contains a healthy climate. The name implies that 'abode of Islam.'
The city was designed by a Greek firm, M/S Doxiades. The program for the metropolitan house of Islamabad-Rawalpindi is on the principle of a 'dynapolis', among that city center grows in direct proportion to the growth of residential areas.
Islamabad is home to sovereign house of worship, the foremost vital house of God in South Asia, designed by the Turkish designer Vadat Dalokay. city contains a range of universities, analysis centers and museums.
The capital has many historical sites. There unit of measurement period remains, Buddhist caves, the picturesque village of Saidpur and so the shrines of native mystics, Syed Abdul Latif monarch at Barri Muhammadan and Pir Mehar Ali monarch at Golra Sharif.
The twin city of metropolis is found ten kilometers from the capital. Originally a Mughal base, it became a military quarters below country and is presently the headquarters of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Army. throughout the event of capital, it had been envisaged as a mother city to the new capital.
RELIGION & BELIEFS
Islam is that the state religion of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. ninety seven of the population is Muslim. The minority community includes Hindus, Christians, Parsis, Ahmedis (Mirzais), Kalash, Sikhs, Bah'a'i, Buddhists and Jews.
The Constitution guarantees equal rights to Muslims and non Muslims.
Note: Sufi traditions of heart, peace, progress, perfection and support of the poor have powerfully influenced Islam in Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Islam arrived in Sindh among the eighth century, following that the Sufi movement inflated everyplace the sub-continent.
CLIMATE OF Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Pakistan lies among the climatic zone. The summer is hot and so the winter is cold. However, there unit of measurement extreme variations of temperature from the northern to the southern regions.
Pakistan has four seasons: spring, summer, time of year and winter.
Central Islamic Republic of Pakistan contains a hot summer and delicate winter. The summer monsoon brings relief from the heat, tho' humidity levels can exceed eightieth. June and New Style calendar month unit of measurement the foremost well likable months with temperatures typically reaching over forty degrees Celsius.
The semi desert areas of Sindh and Balochistan have extreme summer temperatures. Sibi is that the most popular place with temperatures usually reaching fifty degrees Celsius.
Quetta in Balochistan has severe winter with cold dry winds.
Northern Islamic Republic of Pakistan has light summers. However, the dry northern valleys of the Indus and Gilgit rivers among the vary get very well-liked once heat radiates off the barren mountains. Winter here is severe, with high snow and glaciation.
The coastal sq. measureas area unit hot and wet. precipitation is low but the cooling breeze moderates the coastal climate throughout the year.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The democratic state of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, though young among the harmony of states, contains a created and varied history spanning a quantity onward from the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) right right down to now.
Pakistan is Associate in Nursing ancient land in world history. The oldest remains of human activity were found among the Soan depression of the Potohar region of the country. The antiquity of these relics of the period is estimated at regarding 2.00 million years.
Still within the period, in Balochistan, we tend to discover the remains of period man, international organisation agency was succeeded through the Mesolithic Age by the oldsters of the Neolithic (New Stone Age) amount. Signs of a continuing methodology of human activity and so the hesitant steps of Neolithic and Chalcolithic/Bronze Age communities towards civilization area unit found at Mehrgarh (8,000 B.C.) but somewhere around 2,700-2,500 B.C., this and completely different settlements began to disintegrate, presumptively as a results of migration by of us towards the Indus Basin. This methodology coincided with the emergence and extension of settled or urban life among the larger Indus depression, culminating around 2,300-1,500 BC., among the mature Bronze Age 'Indus depression Civilization' pictured by the sites of Moenjodaro (Sindh) and Harappa (Punjab). they are celebrated for being one in every of the foremost well developed early urban civilizations in human history.
Following the decline of the Indus Cities and so the arrival of the Aryans throughout this region, around 1,800-800 BC., at Pirak, Balochistan, there unit of measurement indications of the utilization of iron by the communities of the region, beside thorough cultivation of rice, sorghum and millet.
The fall of the Indus Civilization was altogether likelihood caused by Aryan tribes spherical regarding one,500 BC. They were pastoral societies that developed into the Rig-Vedic or Early Historic city-states.
Successively, the territories presently constituting Islamic Republic of Pakistan were conquered by Darius-I of Islamic Republic of Iran, the Mauryan nice King Asoka, Bactrian Greeks, Scythians, Parthians and Kushans. The Gandhara region in northern Islamic Republic of Pakistan flourished from the time of the Persian conquest (600-BC to 5 hundred AD.) to the invasion of the White Huns. the bulk the invaders favored Buddhism and Buddhist cultural traditions flourished among the region. one in every of the foremost prized art styles of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 'the Buddhist Art of Gandhara' reached its point throughout the reign of Kanishka.
After the conquest of Sindh by Arab General Muhammad Bin Qasim in 711 AD., Islam gained firm hold among the house. From the tenth century A.D. onwards, Ghaznavis, Ghoris, Khiljis and Tughlaks dominated over the dry land until the invasion of Timour, international organisation agency sealed the means that for the nice Mughal Empire. This empire lasted until the war of independence of 1857.
The Early Muslim rulers of the dry land unbroken the border open for Muslims, that resulted among the unfold of Islam and so the establishment of Muslim settlements throughout the region. This era has left Islamic Republic of Pakistan created in ethnic and cultural heritage.
The realization of the two nation theory on the premise of religion saw its dawn among the dry land with the arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim. succeeding Muslim rulers came from Islamic Republic of Iran, country and Central Asia, with entirely utterly completely different cultures, resulting in a harmonious fusion. With the passage of some time, two nations developed with a singular outlook on life, language and literature, customs and system, arts and style.
The Muslims dominated the dry land until the establishment of country Empire, that lasted until 1947. once Independence in 1947, Muslim traditions and values continued to be a shaping force among the collective and individual lives of the oldsters of Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
BALOCHISTAN DRESSES AND ORNAMENTS
The mode of dress among the Iranian, Afghanistani and Brahvi tribes is implausibly similar having several minor dissimilarities. Turban (pag) is that the common headwear of the lads. Wide loose trousers of primarily maroon, blue or black striped cotton and knee-long shirts unit of measurement worn by all. The shirt (kurta or jamag) has distinctive underarm gusset and facet gathering to relinquish additional fullness. the result's loose and flowing, smart for the recent day climates of the realm. The dress of the lady consists of floral embroidery before and on the huge central pocket with embedded little spherical mirror things. large Veil (chaddar) with floral and inserting geometrical border in multi-colored sew, unit of measurement draped over the forehead and allowed to float behind kind of a noble train. Bright colours unit of measurement usually avoided, but scarlet is well-liked among women of mature age. Widows wear black.
Silver, gold and bead jewellery is well-liked and elaborate ear-rings unit of measurement worn- the lutnil, jhala and chulum encircle the ears in silver and beads. Hair ornaments and kind of rings are common.
The weapon belts created in Lahri have goodish native repute and unit of measurement extensively utilized by Iranian and Brahvi tribesmen. The animal product used is of redness color, adorned with inexperienced and adorned in minute circles placed between parallel lines.
Footwear is animal product shoes or sandals. By work animal skin to palm leaves, shoes named as sawas are worn in Balochistan.
GILGIT BALTISTAN DRESSES AND ORNAMENTS
As in most completely different regions of chain of mountains, the lads typically dress in woolen stuffs of home manufacture, their garments being the coat (anga), trousers(pyjama) of dark thick material, cap(topi) acquainted with to any or all or any hill men, and intensely typically associate degree extended coat (bakhu), whereas their shoes unit of measurement a similar as those worn every where among the hills. though usually they wear woolen boots of checked color and unit of measurement soled with rope very ingeniously and finely plaited. there is a bright iron pipe and a knife in sheath affected in his belt.
Women dress consists of tight fitting trousers and a lady's gown. A shirt kind of a Punjabi shirt is worn as Associate in Nursing below material. A sash is worn round the waist over the gown. the liner on the gown may be a few times adorned on the margins. the favorite colors unit of measurement black, red and blue. and eventually a head-gear that matches one to a minimum of one and zero.5 yards down the rear and thereupon the face area unit usually lined. In winters usually ladies wear thick scarf like woolen Chadders. The hair is plaited into a tail that comes right right down to the shoulder-blades and usually slightly lower. Long woolen boots complete the define.
The wedding dress of girls of Gilgit-Baltistan contains a very embellished high. it's thus heavily worked front and back in geometric designs that the shoulders stand out from the body. The pompoms unit of measurement made up of Hunza wool. The wide sleeves extend past the hands are in associate degree elaborate approach adorned on the cuffs. The moving skirt is made of twenty 3 yards of written cotton.
Ornaments and jewellery unit of measurement made up of gold and silver. Necklaces unit of measurement of assorted types made up of turquoise, coral and pearl. usually nose pins unit of measurement adorned with precious and semi precious stones. In young ladies chains of gold and pearl-beads unit of measurement most common presently. Silver bangles are used.
KASHMIR DRESSES AND ORNAMENTS
As approach as a result of the traditional wear is concerned the Phiran may well be a usually worn garment documented from centuries. it's usually made up of wool and contains a large amount of embroidery work done on it. The Jamavar scarf and headwear has the foremost knotty patterns and motifs throughout a mixture of spirited colours and hues. the quality clothes worn by women unit of measurement usually hand-embroidered with spirited threads and floral motifs. throughout summer months every men and women prefer to wear cotton clothes, though throughout winters they're going out with serious hand-woven woolens. The kashmiri cloths of every men and women unit of measurement easy, loose and large with neck and sleeves with embroidery.
With their richly adorned clothes, Kashmiri belles like daring, serious jewellery, typically of silver and Ruby (ranks amongst the rarest and so the foremost expensive gem material) is used in Kashmiri jewellery. They fill their arms with broad silver bracelets, and pierce their ears all along the outer rim and wear serious and elaborate silver earrings. The miss wears the ornate, spangled stud in her nose for the first time on her day. Long coin necklaces reach right right down to the waist, and around the throat unit of measurement gold chokers. Rings unit of measurement worn on all five fingers and unit of measurement let alone tiny chains to an oversized bracelet on the articulatio synovialis. The 'punja' as this ornament is known as, adorns the whole back of the hand.
Kashmiri young women like completely different northern women dress their hair in myriad of very little braids and let these braids droop loose around their faces but married women pull them back and weave them into one plait.
Caps shaped out of golden silver came to induce replaced by adorned ones.
KHAIBER PAKHTOON KHUAH DRESSES AND ORNAMENTS
The Pathan dress may well be a regional variation of the type of garments. The Pawindas of the north unit of measurement a migrant those that progress merely between country and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Their long sleeved calf-length dress called Gharara is nicely plicate on to the highest. the last word sleeve band is adorned in geometrical Mughal designs. usually silver coins unit of measurement accustomed enhance sleeves. it's worn with Pantaloon. They put together use large chaddars. The grouping women of the province wear Ghagra and trousers. the women of Chitral wear frocks made up of black home-spun cotton with silver things seamed on the highest. The trousers and chador is coloured. a very important jewellery is to boot worn. In Chitral the lads wear chogha, a handsome coat made up of loom goat-wool and adorned with bright coloured flowers. A woolen hat is used to match.
The Kalash women wear coarse black dress with a belt. Their jewellery is serious silver jewellery and bracelet. They wear a most inserting headgear with astonishing combination of very little kawry, howevertons and beads however the lads wear trendy trousers and shirt. The goat-skin red coloured shoes are worn.
Drun-kameez made up of bright coloured cotton with tiny mirrors, adorned silver wheels and ringing bells is used by women of Marwat, a village in Bannu district. the lads wear shalwar-kurta in matching colours with garment of brocade and black turban material aglitter with sequins. the headscarf is of brown color and upturned-toe shoes unit of measurement called Kapari.
In Hazara and Swat depression, the shirt is embellished front and back with phulkari and so the chador is completely worked with geometric patterns.
PUNJAB DRESSES AND ORNAMENTS
The wealth of the fertile Punjabi plains produces variety of the foremost refined costumes of Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Lacha is knotted around the waist and flat-topped by a classy pink silk. shirt is often worn by women. The neck is adorned in gold. The dresses women put together embody a shirt and a saree, Gagra and choli and Choridar trousers. Silk and cotton dupatta are worn.
Punjabi men wear Dothi or a Tahmat and a shirt, a mix of Pyjamas and a shirt in summer and a woolen suit, coat or a chador in winter. Pagri unit of measurement usually utilized by men in villages. The curly-toed Punjabi khussa cut with gold thread and velvet may well be a shoe-wear.
The lavish jewellery reflects the settled and prosperous hot and shut plains. Precious stones and precious metals seem to possess remained integrated among the psyche of Punjabi women through the ages. The hallmark of Mughal jewellery designs and court dresses remains obvious among the region region. The ornaments presently in common unit of measurement Jhumkas, balli and balla, topas, a koka for the nose, necklace, locket, bangles, karas, rings etc.
The ring and case is to boot worn by men. Ear rings are worn by some recent men.
Parandas unit of measurement essential part of Punjabi women dressing.
SINDH DRESSES AND ORNAMENTS
In Sindh, for his or her clothes women communicate the essential colours, red, yellow and black, to counteract the monotony of the desert. They embellish with talent and care each of the three things of their dress, the rawa or veil, the chola or shirt, and so the voluminous trousers called suthan.
The Sanskrit woman's methodology of brightening her shirts is perhaps distinctive among the globe. tiny mirrors unit of measurement tacked on to the material with the assistance of closely worked embroidery. The result's fascinating for the wise sun transforms the mirrors into one thousand sparkling gems, and visual light-weight turns the dress starry within the dead of night The chador is of bright color block written fabric with thick embroidery and sprinkling of mirrors. women use cut translucent substance mixed in starch to feature sparkle to fine cotton saris and dupattas. For the suthan, a special striped material that drapes well is plain-woven . The sussi is traditionally used only for making the trousers. With this ensemble, slippers unit of measurement worn. The crack unit of measurement made up of a woolly carpet weave that merely covers the feet, seamed onto animal product soles.
Sindhi male wears Shalwar-Kurta. the headscarf is known as a chunk of fabric and is used as a garment of honour or on special occasions. Sanskrit men wear adorned decorative Caps cut-away among the front as a very important a locality of their dressing.
Eastern Sindh has its share of migratory of us and among the foremost spirited unit of measurement the Koli, Bheel and Mengwart. women wear ankle-length skirts with yards of material that intensify their sleek movements, the shirt or Kanjiri is transient sleeved and backless . the highest is roofed with a chunjji, tie-dyed. Tight knots unit of measurement tied everyplace the material wrapped in liberal colors.
Across the ends of the Sindh border region artiodactyl train has stirred for many years carrying merchandise and folk on their journey across the dry land. below the blistering sun veil becomes essential. The headgear combines utility with decoration. The mirror work is typical of Sindh, as is that the written cotton Ajrak or Gharara.
Jewellery is straightforward with a primitive flavor regarding it. spherical ear-rings unit of measurement worn right round the fringe of the ear, making it seem as if a fixture. Necklaces of the many strands of coins associate degreed gold beads with an outsized pendant, called durri, symbolize the wealth of the weaver. The created women of Sindh wear lots of gold jewellery to point the grandeur and dignity.
Sindh have preserved the recent technique of enameling blue and white glazed minakari of silver and gold metal base. the women of Tharparkar wear white bangles that covers the whole arm and daring golden or silver nose pin.
Traditionally adorned decorative os Caps and Ajrak on the shoulders with trousers Qameez unit of measurement worn by men in Sindh.
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